Nanotechnology for Better Health care

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT ADVANCES IN NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY

                                “Nanotechnology for Better Health care”

Singapore | JUNE 20-21, 2019

Larix International Nanotechnology Conferences

Larix International is a group of ranking publishers and organizer’s for scientific conferences around the globe nesting well-known Doctors, Engineers, Scientists, and Industrialists. Larix is a self-functioning, independent organization wholly focused on arranging conferences in multi-disciplines of research on various science fields. The conferences are administered by global influential scientists and scientific excellence. We are even open for the upcoming scientists and scholars, who are in need of a platform to give their voice a much needed larger volume.

International Conference on Recent Advances in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (Nanotech 2019) is going to be organized in the beautiful city of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on June 20-21, 2019, primarily focusing on the theme “Nanotechnology for Better Health care”.

THE NANOTECH

Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across all the other science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering.

ALL ABOUT IT

After more than 20 years of basic nanoscience research and more than fifteen years of focused R&D under the NNI, applications of nanotechnology are delivering in both expected and unexpected ways on nanotechnology’s promise to benefit society.

Nanotechnology is helping to considerably improve, even revolutionize, many technologies and industry sectors: information technology, homeland security, medicine, transportation, energy, food safety, and environmental science, among many others.

DISCUSSIONS

Nanotechnology; Nanoelectronics; Nanomedicine; Nanomaterials synthesis; Nanotechnology in water treatment; Pharmaceutical nanotechnology; Nanofluidics; Nanophotonics; Carbon nanotechnology; Molecular nanotechnology; Nano biomaterials; Nanotoxicology; Nanobiotechnology; Nano computational modeling; Nanotechnology in the food industry; Nanoengineering; Nanotechnology safety; Nano in tissue engineering; Nanotechnology applications.

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What is the reason why carbon nanotubes conduct electricity?

Carbon nanotube have recently emerged as an important nanomaterial with enhanced properties such as high electrical & thermal conductivity, aspect ratio, and toughness. To get electrons to flow through a semiconducting carbon nanotube.Carbon nanotubes conduct electricity better than metals. When electrons travel through metal there is some resistance to their movement. This resistance happens when electrons bump into metal atoms.They are considered the ideal candidate for electronic devices, biosensor hydrogen storage cells, electrostatic discharge, and electrical shielding applications.

Reference:https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-reason-why-carbon-nanotubes-conduct-electricity

How can distinguish that a nanoparticle is alloy or core-shell?

A core shell nanoparticle is composed by two phases, one in the core and another one covering it. The alloy ones are composed by only one.

The phases have different spectra for different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation and electron beans. That means that the different phases are going to absorb different amounts of electrons at a given wavelength, controlled by the acceleration imposed to it by an electrical tension. This is what happens in electron microscopy.

In order to identify the two phases that behave differently with electrons, one possibility would be using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM places the electron emitter and the detector on opposite sides of the sample. That means that the electrons must propagate through the sample, thus being absorbed in different intensities for different phases. That you result in a core shell structure showcased as a core covered with a material with a different visual aspect. The alloy one will have just one aspect. An example is the microscopy below, where the one on the left (a) is an alloy structure and the one on the right (b) in a core shell structure.

Is cancer treatment possible through nanotechnology? How?

Nanotechnology is already being used to help cure cancer, just not quite in the way your probably thinking. It is possible that one day we will be able to engineer nano robots that can go into the human body detect and destroy cancer cells by themselves but for now they use nanotechnology in their other tools to refine their ability to map out and treat cancerous regions. Nanotechnology allows accurate readings to made of tissue. Then nanoparticles then can be used to specifically target cancer cells minimizing damage to other tissue.

Reference: https://www.quora.com/Is-cancer-treatment-possible-through-nanotechnology-How

How are nanobots defined? What makes them different from nanoparticles or even proteins?

Thank you for this question! Finally someone who might understand that “nanobot” is basically a popular buzzword that has little to no real meaning!

I guess people have idea of nanobots as small robots moving individual molecules/atoms. This idea has been popularized by some sci-fi books, movies, shows.

The idea of “nanobot” is based on the fact that we have seen molecular devices being used in cells (how some things are operated in unicellulars, like “flagelum”). We realized that some molecules offer “moves” conformation upon charge redistribution, upon illumination… So that we know that we can make moving parts on molecular level.

But of course sci-fi authors took this idea and forgot about details. Like quantum mechanics, like thermodynamics…

So…

Nanoparticle is a small piece of “normal” material. An atom/molecule has some properties. That average if you have huge quantity of that material. (An silicon atom has different properties then silicon chunk.) Sure, you must now get the idea that if you have two atoms, they will behave similar to one. Three atoms might start to show more differences… And there must be some “grey” area where you have no more behaviour typical for individual atoms, but you have not yet the behaviour of huge chunk. That is the realm of nanoparticles.

Thanks to this they allow us to have materials and properties based on those effects that emerge only at the boundary of molecules and bulk.

A protein… is basically a nanobot. If we ever produce nanobots they will be quite similar in a lot of things to how proteins, RNA, DNA things work. The similarity will be about the same as knives are similar to claws or teeth. One is natural thing, the other is man made, but for the same purpose. but both need to deal with the same problems.

For more details visit @ https://www.quora.com/How-are-nanobots-defined-What-makes-them-different-from-nanoparticles-or-even-proteins 

What are the sources of nanoparticles?

For clear understanding, the term “nano” is one billionth of one. So any material with dimension of 1cm, reduced into a billion equal parts in any dimension, then one part is 1 nanometer (nm). Particles ranging from 1 nm to 100nm are considered as nano materials.

By sources, do you mean where can we find nano materials! The answer would be “Entire universe” because our universe is nothing but chemically composed matter/antimatter. Atoms of every element are less than the nm range.

How do we make them ?

There are many number of methods and techniques to make nanomaterials. Divided into two basic techniques namely Physical and Chemical techniques attributed to the methods they use in exfoilation or growth of nano materials.

There is also other approaches to make nano materials; Top-down and Bottom-up approaches.

As the name suggests, in Top-down approach, bigger particles are reduced into nano particles by the usage of physical and chemical techniques and Bottom-up approaches makes use of nanomaterials to make bigger materials using chemical and physical techniques.

The application area of nanomaterials are unlimited ranging from electronics, optics, mechanics, communications, biological, medical, pharmaceutical, physical training, energy, storage, battery, water purification, DNA science, etc. This potential for nanomaterials is achieved due to their peculiar change in physical and chemical properties in due to but not only their change in size and surface area.

Reference:https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-sources-of-nanoparticles

What is a nano carbon?

Natural carbon can exist in two very different types and is know to everyone: graphite and diamond. Three additional forms of carbon that were discovered between 1985 and 2004 have caused the current excitement among researchers about carbon nanomaterials – fullerenes, nanotubes, and graphene. 

See here for details:  https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-nano-carbon

What makes carbon nano tube gives such strength?

Carbon nano tubes are considered as one of the strongest material when mixed with a matrix material like epoxy and polymer to form nano composites. Their structural strength or load bearing capacity is even multiple times higher than structural steel if properly fabricated. The most important property which nanocomposites possess is their very high strength to weight ratio. Strength to weight ratio is a very important parameter in composite technology to rate composite on the basis of their structural properties. Also, depends on the stacking sequence, carbon nano tubes gives excellent structural properties in different-different arrangement of its layers in composites like unidirectional arrangement, bi-directional arrangement, skew arrangement etc.

 

Reference: https://www.quora.com/What-makes-carbon-nano-tube-gives-such-strength

What is the difference between nanomaterials and nanoparticles? What is a carbon nanotube considered as?

All nanoparticles are nanomaterials, but not all nanomaterials are nanoparticles.

Nanoparticles are particles within a nanometer size range. Typically this is in the 10 - 999nm range, with things at the lower end being large molecules or macromolecules (such as many proteins) and at the larger end becoming microparticles (1000 - 100,000 nanometers, or 1 - 100 micrometers / um).

Nanomaterials can have broad definitions. For instance, if you have knowledge of the packing structure of different atoms comprising some form of a metal alloy, you are gaining insight into the structure of the metal at the nanomaterials level.

Another example of nanomaterials that are not nanoparticles is transistors and most of your computer’s hardware. Each transistor is on the order of ~10 nanometers, but it is not a nanoparticle (someone may argue this point :) ).

Nanoparticles can be biological, such as those used for gene or drug delivery applications in FDA/clinical applications, or non-biological such as the titanium and zinc nanoparticles in some sunblocks. They can be made of metals, proteins, genes, ceramics, or any range of materials that are normally found in the world. However, they are constrained to being in a particle format within certain size ranges as opposed to being a more solid matrix with some form of nanostructure (nanomaterials).

You can, also, include nanoparticles within solid matrixes such as ceramics and buildings to modulate their properties.

Carbon nanotubes *can* be used to make nanoparticles. Nanoparticles can be spherical, oblong, tube-like, or any shape you can imagine. However, carbon nanotubes are very, very thin. Depending on whether they are single-, double- or multi-walled, their thickness can range from 2 - 9.5nm (Single, Double, MultiWall Carbon Nanotube Properties & Applications). An aggregate of carbon nanotubes or a 9.5nm x 50nm carbon nanotube would be considered a nanoparticle.

Reference: https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-nanomaterials-and-nanoparticles-What-is-a-carbon-nanotube-considered-as

How are carbon nano tubes helpful in defense field?

Carbon nano tubes due to its excellent multi-directional properties basically related to mechanical and electrical engineering make it very popular for some of the most advanced technological applications in the field of aircrafts and defense industry.

In a typical aircraft, there may be thousands of complex parts and all of them need to work efficiently during the operation. So, it is very cumbersome process to inspect each and every thing before each flight as preflight inspection schedule. But, anyhow pilots have to do this. Here come the use of Carbon nano tube. Transparent carbon nano tubes are a way better solution in this regard.

Aircraft wings are also one of the complex parts to inspect because it has several moving parts which results in more number of joints and more possibility to be faulty frequently. So, proper inspection of them is also a vital factor. So, here also transparent carbon nano tubes are best solution not only for transparency but also for good material and structural properties needed for an aircraft wing.

Reference: https://www.quora.com/How-are-carbon-nano-tubes-helpful-in-defense-field

How are nanoparticles used in nanomedicine removed from the body?

Nanoparticles in medicine usually accumulate in one organ of the body or another except the brain(due to the blood-brain barrier). Even if the particles are encapsulated in a biocompatible polymer such as PEG, the only parameter affected is the blood stability time of the nanoparticles.

The most common organ of deposition is the liver and spleen, although the heart and lung tissue are major contenders also. Particles if size range 500-1000 nm tend to accumulate in the lungs and kidneys and the specific reaction to such particles depends on the metal composition and the encapsulating polymer. 

Particles of lower size range(10-200 nm) accumulate preferentially in the liver and spleen. Even if the accumulated particles are benign, saturation causes necrosis of tissue. I recently read about distribution of gold nanorods in mice. Saturation of nanorods in the liver caused necrosis of liver tissue after dosage of 0.3 micrograms over a period of four weeks.

While particles of higher size range are evacuated after a week of ingestion, the smaller particles are permanently trapped in the body tissue.

Reference: https://www.quora.com/How-are-nanoparticles-used-in-nanomedicine-removed-from-the-body

Which nanomaterial is used to prevent the WBC from taking gold nanoparticles as an antigen?

Gold nanoparticles are typically smaller than several hundred nanometers in size, comparable to large biological molecules such as enzymes, receptors, and antibodies. With the size of about one hundred to ten thousand times smaller than human cells, these nanoparticles can offer unprecedented interactions with biomolecules both on the surface of and inside the cells. Therefore silver nanoparticles can be used as they are antimicrobial in function thereby the white blood cells are prevented from taking au nanoparticles as an antigen.

Reference:https://www.quora.com/Which-nanomaterial-is-used-to-prevent-the-WBC-from-taking-gold-nanoparticles-as-an-antigen

Why are metal nanoparticles used more than polymer nanoparticles in biological (green) nanoparticles?

There are lots of reason for choosing metal over polymer nanoparticles. some of them are:-

1. Shape and size of metal nanoparticles can be easily controlled and synthesized
2. Some metal being inherently magnetic in nature can be used for targeted and controlled drug delivery application
3. Most of the metal intrinsically photoactive can be used in for photoactivated degradation of some specific cell which is not possible in a pure polymer
4. polymer has a large molecular weight and controlling for an application is difficult when compared to metal NPs.

Reference: https://www.quora.com/Why-are-metal-nanoparticles-used-more-than-polymer-nanoparticles-in-biological-green-nanoparticles

What is the advantage of multi-walled carbon nanotubes?

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are similar in certain respects but they also have striking differences. SWNTs are an allotrope of sp2 hybridized carbon similar to fullerenes. The structure is a cylindrical tube including six-membered carbon rings similar to graphite.

There are a large number of present and evolving applications for MWNTs. These include:

Electrically Conductive Polymers: MWNTs are suitable for these applications especially due to its high conductivity and high aspect ratio. The needed conductivity level can be achieved with much lesser loadings than for conventional solutions such as metal particulates or carbon black. Applications include electrostatic discharge protection in wafer processing fabrication, antistatic elastomeric and plastic components for automobile fuel line components, plastics rendered conductive to enable electrostatic spray painting of automobile body parts, RFI shielding materials, and more.

Battery Cathodes: Novel MWNT materials from SouthWest NanoTechnologies (SWeNT®) have shown considerable improvement in when integrated into cathodes.

Improved Structural Composites: MWNTs in the form of non-woven or woven fabrics or resin infused buckypaper when saturated with thermoset resins have shown considerable increase in stiffness and strength of composite structures such as structural laminates and golf club shafts for aerospace application.

Water filtration membranes: High aspect ration, high mechanical strength and large specific surface enable very efficient filtration media.

Other development applications include spray-coatable heater elements; thermal interface and other heat conduction materials; enhanced carbon fiber and others.   A new group of MWNTs were developed by SWeNT known as specialty multi-walled CNT (SMW), by which the number of walls is controlled to vary between three to eight walls while maintaining CNT lengths more than 3 µm , hence yielding an aspect ratio in the 350 – 550 range. The lesser number of walls will result in higher purity, lesser structural defects and lesser waste of carbon material, while longer and straighter tubes provide better overall CNT morphology.o

Certain features of the SMW product are:

The SMW product has a considerably higher aspect ratio (length/diameter) when compared to either of the other grades and an increased aspect ratio is needed in order to develop a conductive network in the polymer matrix at a low loading of additive.

The SMW tubes are straight, which is also beneficial in establishing a conducting network.

Competitive materials show defects and impurities. Tubes may fracture during dispersion at defect sites, bringing down the number of electrical pathways and the resulting conductivity.

Reference:https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-advantage-of-multi-walled-carbon-nanotubes

How will nanoparticles change medicine?

Targeted drug delivery is one of the big benefits of using nanoparticles in medicine because it allows drugs to be administered to very specific parts of the body that are cut off using conventional methods. Another benefit is using nanoparticles to destroy cancer cells because they would only attack the cancerous cells and leave all of the other cells intact so there would be no risk of suffering any side effects. There would be a 0% chance of damage being done to the non cancerous cells.

Another way nanoparticles could change medicine is because they could inject nanobots into your bloodstream which would speed up the healing process, destroy any cancerous/faulty cells and get rid of disease causing microorganisms before they could damage the body. Furthermore, they could patrol the body and alert the patients and doctors if there was something abnormal. Also, if there was a brain tumour then the nanoparticles could be injected then sent to the brain to eliminate the tumour with no risk of other non cancerous cells being affected. This means that a person’s quality of life would be dramatically improved as they would be at a significantly reduced risk of suffering from abnormalities in the body which also means that people could live longer with increased life expectancy.

Reference: https://www.quora.com/How-will-nanoparticles-change-medicine

Graphene-enhanced nanoelectromechanical systems

As the adoption of tiny machines becomes widespread in diverse markets from healthcare to defence, the next logical step is further miniaturization. Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) show great promise in many applications such as ultrasensitive sensors and components for radio frequency communication systems. But so far, their performance has been limited due to the use of heavy and thick metal electrodes that dampen the vibration of resonators.

To overcome this issue, academics in the USA have developed nano-resonators that utilise graphene as an ultra-thin, ultra-light electrode. The researchers have observed a striking increase in device performance, including greater detection speeds, higher sensitivity and greater limits of detection. The team is looking to engage in conversation with businesses around licensing and/or co-developing their technology.